sloppy work on passing all of the test and reimplementing most of the features from encode

README.md

@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@ The following keyword arguments are supported on all field types.
 * `primary_key`
 * `nullable`
 * `default`
+* `server_default`
 * `index`
 * `unique`
 
@@ -165,6 +166,9 @@ All fields are required unless one of the following is set:
 
 * `nullable` - Creates a nullable column. Sets the default to `None`.
 * `default` - Set a default value for the field.
+* `server_default` - Set a default value for the field on server side (like sqlalchemy's `func.now()`).
+* `primary key` with `autoincrement` - When a column is set to primary key and autoincrement is set on this column. 
+Autoincrement is set by default on int primary keys. 
 
 Available Model Fields:
 * `orm.String(length)`

orm/__init__.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from orm.fields import Integer, BigInteger, Boolean, Time, Text, String, JSON, DateTime, Date, Decimal, Float
+from orm.fields import Integer, BigInteger, Boolean, Time, Text, String, JSON, DateTime, Date, Decimal, Float, \
+    ForeignKey
 from orm.models import Model
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -13,5 +14,6 @@ __all__ = [
     "Date",
     "Decimal",
     "Float",
+    "ForeignKey",
     "Model"
 ]

orm/exceptions.py

@@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ class ModelNotSet(AsyncOrmException):
     pass
 
 
-class MultipleResults(AsyncOrmException):
+class NoMatch(AsyncOrmException):
+    pass
+
+
+class MultipleMatches(AsyncOrmException):
     pass
 
 

orm/fields.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import pydantic
 import sqlalchemy
 
 from orm.exceptions import ModelDefinitionError
+from orm.relations import Relationship
 
 
 class BaseField:
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ class BaseField:
 
         self.name = name
         self.primary_key = kwargs.pop('primary_key', False)
-        self.autoincrement = kwargs.pop('autoincrement', self.primary_key)
+        self.autoincrement = kwargs.pop('autoincrement', self.primary_key and self.__type__ == int)
 
         self.nullable = kwargs.pop('nullable', not self.primary_key)
         self.default = kwargs.pop('default', None)
@@ -37,11 +38,30 @@ class BaseField:
         if self.pydantic_only and self.primary_key:
             raise ModelDefinitionError('Primary key column cannot be pydantic only.')
 
+    @property
+    def is_required(self):
+        return not self.nullable and not self.has_default and not self.is_auto_primary_key
+
+    @property
+    def default_value(self):
+        default = self.default if self.default is not None else self.server_default
+        return default() if callable(default) else default
+
+    @property
+    def has_default(self):
+        return self.default is not None or self.server_default is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_auto_primary_key(self):
+        if self.primary_key:
+            return self.autoincrement
+        return False
+
     def get_column(self, name: str = None) -> sqlalchemy.Column:
-        name = self.name or name
+        self.name = self.name or name
         constraints = self.get_constraints()
         return sqlalchemy.Column(
-            name,
+            self.name,
             self.get_column_type(),
             *constraints,
             primary_key=self.primary_key,
@@ -59,6 +79,9 @@ class BaseField:
     def get_constraints(self) -> Optional[List]:
         return []
 
+    def expand_relationship(self, value, parent):
+        return value
+
 
 class String(BaseField):
     __type__ = str
@@ -147,3 +170,37 @@ class Decimal(BaseField):
 
     def get_column_type(self):
         return sqlalchemy.DECIMAL(self.length, self.precision)
+
+
+class ForeignKey(BaseField):
+    def __init__(self, to, related_name: str = None, nullable: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(nullable=nullable)
+        self.related_name = related_name
+        self.to = to
+
+    @property
+    def __type__(self):
+        return self.to.__pydantic_model__
+
+    def get_constraints(self):
+        fk_string = self.to.__tablename__ + "." + self.to.__pkname__
+        return [sqlalchemy.schema.ForeignKey(fk_string)]
+
+    def get_column_type(self):
+        to_column = self.to.__model_fields__[self.to.__pkname__]
+        return to_column.get_column_type()
+
+    def expand_relationship(self, value, child):
+        if isinstance(value, self.to):
+            model = value
+        else:
+            model = self.to(**{self.to.__pkname__: value})
+
+        child_model_name = self.related_name or child.__class__.__name__.lower() + 's'
+        model._orm_relationship_manager.add(
+            Relationship(name=child_model_name, child=child, parent=model, fk_side='child'))
+        model.__fields__[child_model_name] = pydantic.fields.ModelField(name=child_model_name,
+                                                                        type_=child.__pydantic_model__,
+                                                                        model_config=child.__pydantic_model__.__config__,
+                                                                        class_validators=child.__pydantic_model__.__validators__)
+        return model

orm/models.py

@@ -1,26 +1,250 @@
+import copy
+import inspect
 import json
-from typing import Any, Type
+import uuid
+from typing import Any, List, Type
 from typing import Set, Dict
 
 import pydantic
 import sqlalchemy
 from pydantic import BaseConfig, create_model
 
-from orm.exceptions import ModelDefinitionError
+from orm.exceptions import ModelDefinitionError, MultipleMatches, NoMatch
 from orm.fields import BaseField
+from orm.relations import RelationshipManager
 
 
 def parse_pydantic_field_from_model_fields(object_dict: dict):
     pydantic_fields = {field_name: (
         base_field.__type__,
-        ... if (not base_field.nullable and not base_field.default and not base_field.primary_key) else (
+        ... if base_field.is_required else base_field.default_value
-            base_field.default() if callable(base_field.default) else base_field.default)
     )
         for field_name, base_field in object_dict.items()
         if isinstance(base_field, BaseField)}
     return pydantic_fields
 
 
+FILTER_OPERATORS = {
+    "exact": "__eq__",
+    "iexact": "ilike",
+    "contains": "like",
+    "icontains": "ilike",
+    "in": "in_",
+    "gt": "__gt__",
+    "gte": "__ge__",
+    "lt": "__lt__",
+    "lte": "__le__",
+}
+
+
+class QuerySet:
+    ESCAPE_CHARACTERS = ['%', '_']
+
+    def __init__(self, model_cls: Type['Model'] = None, filter_clauses: List = None, select_related: List = None,
+                 limit_count: int = None, offset: int = None):
+        self.model_cls = model_cls
+        self.filter_clauses = [] if filter_clauses is None else filter_clauses
+        self._select_related = [] if select_related is None else select_related
+        self.limit_count = limit_count
+        self.query_offset = offset
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        return self.__class__(model_cls=owner)
+
+    @property
+    def database(self):
+        return self.model_cls.__database__
+
+    @property
+    def table(self):
+        return self.model_cls.__table__
+
+    def build_select_expression(self):
+        tables = [self.table]
+        select_from = self.table
+
+        for item in self._select_related:
+            model_cls = self.model_cls
+            select_from = self.table
+            for part in item.split("__"):
+                model_cls = model_cls.__model_fields__[part].to
+                select_from = sqlalchemy.sql.join(select_from, model_cls.__table__)
+                tables.append(model_cls.__table__)
+
+        expr = sqlalchemy.sql.select(tables)
+        expr = expr.select_from(select_from)
+
+        if self.filter_clauses:
+            if len(self.filter_clauses) == 1:
+                clause = self.filter_clauses[0]
+            else:
+                clause = sqlalchemy.sql.and_(*self.filter_clauses)
+            expr = expr.where(clause)
+
+        if self.limit_count:
+            expr = expr.limit(self.limit_count)
+
+        if self.query_offset:
+            expr = expr.offset(self.query_offset)
+
+        # print(expr.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}))
+        return expr
+
+    def filter(self, **kwargs):
+        filter_clauses = self.filter_clauses
+        select_related = list(self._select_related)
+
+        if kwargs.get("pk"):
+            pk_name = self.model_cls.__pkname__
+            kwargs[pk_name] = kwargs.pop("pk")
+
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            if "__" in key:
+                parts = key.split("__")
+
+                # Determine if we should treat the final part as a
+                # filter operator or as a related field.
+                if parts[-1] in FILTER_OPERATORS:
+                    op = parts[-1]
+                    field_name = parts[-2]
+                    related_parts = parts[:-2]
+                else:
+                    op = "exact"
+                    field_name = parts[-1]
+                    related_parts = parts[:-1]
+
+                model_cls = self.model_cls
+                if related_parts:
+                    # Add any implied select_related
+                    related_str = "__".join(related_parts)
+                    if related_str not in select_related:
+                        select_related.append(related_str)
+
+                    # Walk the relationships to the actual model class
+                    # against which the comparison is being made.
+                    for part in related_parts:
+                        model_cls = model_cls.__model_fields__[part].to
+
+                column = model_cls.__table__.columns[field_name]
+
+            else:
+                op = "exact"
+                column = self.table.columns[key]
+
+            # Map the operation code onto SQLAlchemy's ColumnElement
+            # https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/core/sqlelement.html#sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnElement
+            op_attr = FILTER_OPERATORS[op]
+            has_escaped_character = False
+
+            if op in ["contains", "icontains"]:
+                has_escaped_character = any(c for c in self.ESCAPE_CHARACTERS
+                                            if c in value)
+                if has_escaped_character:
+                    # enable escape modifier
+                    for char in self.ESCAPE_CHARACTERS:
+                        value = value.replace(char, f'\\{char}')
+                value = f"%{value}%"
+
+            if isinstance(value, Model):
+                value = value.pk
+
+            clause = getattr(column, op_attr)(value)
+            clause.modifiers['escape'] = '\\' if has_escaped_character else None
+            filter_clauses.append(clause)
+
+        return self.__class__(
+            model_cls=self.model_cls,
+            filter_clauses=filter_clauses,
+            select_related=select_related,
+            limit_count=self.limit_count,
+            offset=self.query_offset
+        )
+
+    def select_related(self, related):
+        if not isinstance(related, (list, tuple)):
+            related = [related]
+
+        related = list(self._select_related) + related
+        return self.__class__(
+            model_cls=self.model_cls,
+            filter_clauses=self.filter_clauses,
+            select_related=related,
+            limit_count=self.limit_count,
+            offset=self.query_offset
+        )
+
+    # async def exists(self) -> bool:
+    #     expr = self.build_select_expression()
+    #     expr = sqlalchemy.exists(expr).select()
+    #     return await self.database.fetch_val(expr)
+
+    def limit(self, limit_count: int):
+        return self.__class__(
+            model_cls=self.model_cls,
+            filter_clauses=self.filter_clauses,
+            select_related=self._select_related,
+            limit_count=limit_count,
+            offset=self.query_offset
+        )
+
+    def offset(self, offset: int):
+        return self.__class__(
+            model_cls=self.model_cls,
+            filter_clauses=self.filter_clauses,
+            select_related=self._select_related,
+            limit_count=self.limit_count,
+            offset=offset
+        )
+
+    async def get(self, **kwargs):
+        if kwargs:
+            return await self.filter(**kwargs).get()
+
+        expr = self.build_select_expression().limit(2)
+        rows = await self.database.fetch_all(expr)
+
+        if not rows:
+            raise NoMatch()
+        if len(rows) > 1:
+            raise MultipleMatches()
+        return self.model_cls.from_row(rows[0], select_related=self._select_related)
+
+    async def all(self, **kwargs):
+        if kwargs:
+            return await self.filter(**kwargs).all()
+
+        expr = self.build_select_expression()
+        rows = await self.database.fetch_all(expr)
+        return [
+            self.model_cls.from_row(row, select_related=self._select_related)
+            for row in rows
+        ]
+
+    async def create(self, **kwargs):
+
+        new_kwargs = dict(**kwargs)
+
+        # Remove primary key when None to prevent not null constraint in postgresql.
+        pkname = self.model_cls.__pkname__
+        pk = self.model_cls.__model_fields__[pkname]
+        if pkname in new_kwargs and new_kwargs.get(pkname) is None and (pk.nullable or pk.autoincrement):
+            del new_kwargs[pkname]
+
+        # substitute related models with their pk
+        for field in self.model_cls.extract_related_names():
+            if field in new_kwargs and new_kwargs.get(field) is not None:
+                new_kwargs[field] = getattr(new_kwargs.get(field), self.model_cls.__model_fields__[field].to.__pkname__)
+
+        # Build the insert expression.
+        expr = self.table.insert()
+        expr = expr.values(**new_kwargs)
+
+        # Execute the insert, and return a new model instance.
+        instance = self.model_cls(**kwargs)
+        instance.pk = await self.database.execute(expr)
+        return instance
+
+
 class ModelMetaclass(type):
     def __new__(
             mcs: type, name: str, bases: Any, attrs: dict
@@ -52,9 +276,7 @@ class ModelMetaclass(type):
         attrs['__pkname__'] = pkname
 
         if not pkname:
-            raise ModelDefinitionError(
+            raise ModelDefinitionError('Table has to have a primary key.')
-                'Table has to have a primary key.'
-            )
 
         # pydantic model creation
         pydantic_fields = parse_pydantic_field_from_model_fields(attrs)
@@ -62,9 +284,9 @@ class ModelMetaclass(type):
         pydantic_model = create_model(name, __config__=config, **pydantic_fields)
         attrs['__pydantic_fields__'] = pydantic_fields
         attrs['__pydantic_model__'] = pydantic_model
-        attrs['__fields__'] = pydantic_model.__fields__
+        attrs['__fields__'] = copy.deepcopy(pydantic_model.__fields__)
-        attrs['__signature__'] = pydantic_model.__signature__
+        attrs['__signature__'] = copy.deepcopy(pydantic_model.__signature__)
-        attrs['__annotations__'] = pydantic_model.__annotations__
+        attrs['__annotations__'] = copy.deepcopy(pydantic_model.__annotations__)
 
         attrs['__model_fields__'] = model_fields
 
@@ -78,9 +300,17 @@ class ModelMetaclass(type):
 class Model(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
     __abstract__ = True
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
+    objects = QuerySet()
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
+        self._orm_id = uuid.uuid4().hex
+        self._orm_saved = False
+        self._orm_relationship_manager = RelationshipManager(self)
+        self._orm_observers = []
+
         if "pk" in kwargs:
             kwargs[self.__pkname__] = kwargs.pop("pk")
+        kwargs = {k: self.__model_fields__[k].expand_relationship(v, self) for k, v in kwargs.items()}
         self.values = self.__pydantic_model__(**kwargs)
 
     def __setattr__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
@@ -90,14 +320,19 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
                     value = json.dumps(value)
                 except TypeError:  # pragma no cover
                     pass
+            value = self.__model_fields__[key].expand_relationship(value, self)
             setattr(self.values, key, value)
         else:
             super().__setattr__(key, value)
 
     def __getattribute__(self, key: str) -> Any:
         if key != '__fields__' and key in self.__fields__:
-            item = getattr(self.values, key)
+            if key in self._orm_relationship_manager:
-            if self.is_conversion_to_json_needed(key) and isinstance(item, str):
+                parent_item = self._orm_relationship_manager.get(key)
+                return parent_item
+
+            item = getattr(self.values, key, None)
+            if item is not None and self.is_conversion_to_json_needed(key) and isinstance(item, str):
                 try:
                     item = json.loads(item)
                 except TypeError:  # pragma no cover
@@ -106,6 +341,45 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
 
         return super().__getattribute__(key)
 
+    def __repr__(self):  # pragma no cover
+        return self.values.__repr__()
+
+    # def attach(self, observer: 'Model'):
+    #     if all([obs._orm_id != observer._orm_id for obs in self._orm_observers]):
+    #         self._orm_observers.append(observer)
+    #
+    # def detach(self, observer: 'Model'):
+    #     for ind, obs in enumerate(self._orm_observers):
+    #         if obs._orm_id == observer._orm_id:
+    #             del self._orm_observers[ind]
+    #             break
+    #
+    def notify(self):
+        for obs in self._orm_observers:  # pragma no cover
+            obs.orm_update(self)
+
+    def orm_update(self, subject: 'Model') -> None:  # pragma no cover
+        print('should be updated here')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_row(cls, row, select_related: List = None) -> 'Model':
+        item = {}
+        select_related = select_related or []
+        for related in select_related:
+            if "__" in related:
+                first_part, remainder = related.split("__", 1)
+                model_cls = cls.__model_fields__[first_part].to
+                item[first_part] = model_cls.from_row(row, select_related=[remainder])
+            else:
+                model_cls = cls.__model_fields__[related].to
+                item[related] = model_cls.from_row(row)
+
+        for column in cls.__table__.columns:
+            if column.name not in item:
+                item[column.name] = row[column]
+
+        return cls(**item)
+
     def is_conversion_to_json_needed(self, column_name: str) -> bool:
         return self.__model_fields__.get(column_name).__type__ == pydantic.Json
 
@@ -136,17 +410,20 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
     @classmethod
     def extract_related_names(cls) -> Set:
         related_names = set()
-        # for name, field in cls.__fields__.items():
+        for name, field in cls.__fields__.items():
-        #     if inspect.isclass(field.type_) and issubclass(field.type_, pydantic.BaseModel):
+            if inspect.isclass(field.type_) and issubclass(field.type_, pydantic.BaseModel):
-        #         related_names.add(name)
+                related_names.add(name)
-        #     elif field.sub_fields and any(
+            # elif field.sub_fields and any(
-        #             [inspect.isclass(f.type_) and issubclass(f.type_, pydantic.BaseModel) for f in field.sub_fields]):
+            #         [inspect.isclass(f.type_) and issubclass(f.type_, pydantic.BaseModel) for f in field.sub_fields]):
-        #         related_names.add(name)
+            #     related_names.add(name)
         return related_names
 
     def extract_model_db_fields(self) -> Dict:
         self_fields = self.extract_own_model_fields()
         self_fields = {k: v for k, v in self_fields.items() if k in self.__table__.columns}
+        for field in self.extract_related_names():
+            if getattr(self, field) is not None:
+                self_fields[field] = getattr(getattr(self, field), self.__model_fields__[field].to.__pkname__)
         return self_fields
 
     async def save(self) -> int:
@@ -157,6 +434,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
         expr = expr.values(**self_fields)
         item_id = await self.__database__.execute(expr)
         setattr(self, 'pk', item_id)
+        self.notify()
         return item_id
 
     async def update(self, **kwargs: Any) -> int:
@@ -169,16 +447,19 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
         expr = self.__table__.update().values(**self_fields).where(
             self.pk_column == getattr(self, self.__pkname__))
         result = await self.__database__.execute(expr)
+        self.notify()
         return result
 
     async def delete(self) -> int:
         expr = self.__table__.delete()
         expr = expr.where(self.pk_column == (getattr(self, self.__pkname__)))
         result = await self.__database__.execute(expr)
+        self.notify()
         return result
 
     async def load(self) -> 'Model':
         expr = self.__table__.select().where(self.pk_column == self.pk)
         row = await self.__database__.fetch_one(expr)
         self.from_dict(dict(row))
+        self.notify()
         return self

orm/relations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from typing import Dict, Union, List
+
+from sqlalchemy import text
+
+
+class Relationship:
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, parent: 'Model', child: 'Model', fk_side: str = 'child'):
+        self.fk_side = fk_side
+        self.child = child
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.name = name
+
+
+class RelationshipManager:
+
+    def __init__(self, model: 'Model'):
+        self._orm_id: str = model._orm_id
+        self._relations: Dict[str, Union[Relationship, List[Relationship]]] = dict()
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return item in self._relations
+
+    def add_related(self, relation: Relationship):
+        if relation.fk_side == 'child' and relation.parent._orm_id == self._orm_id:
+            new_relation = Relationship(name=relation.parent.__class__.__name__.lower(),
+                                        child=relation.parent,
+                                        parent=relation.child,
+                                        fk_side='parent')
+            relation.child._orm_relationship_manager.add(new_relation)
+
+    def add(self, relation: Relationship):
+        if relation.name in self._relations:
+            self._relations[relation.name].append(relation)
+        else:
+            self._relations[relation.name] = [relation]
+        self.add_related(relation)
+
+    def get(self, name: str):
+        for rel, relations in self._relations.items():
+            if rel == name:
+                if relations and relations[0].fk_side == 'parent':
+                    return relations[0].child
+                else:
+                    return [rela.child for rela in relations]

tests/test_foreign_keys.py

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+import databases
+import pytest
+import sqlalchemy
+
+import orm
+from orm.exceptions import NoMatch, MultipleMatches
+from tests.settings import DATABASE_URL
+
+database = databases.Database(DATABASE_URL, force_rollback=True)
+metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()
+
+
+class Album(orm.Model):
+    __tablename__ = "album"
+    __metadata__ = metadata
+    __database__ = database
+
+    id = orm.Integer(primary_key=True)
+    name = orm.String(length=100)
+
+
+class Track(orm.Model):
+    __tablename__ = "track"
+    __metadata__ = metadata
+    __database__ = database
+
+    id = orm.Integer(primary_key=True)
+    album = orm.ForeignKey(Album)
+    title = orm.String(length=100)
+    position = orm.Integer()
+
+
+class Organisation(orm.Model):
+    __tablename__ = "org"
+    __metadata__ = metadata
+    __database__ = database
+
+    id = orm.Integer(primary_key=True)
+    ident = orm.String(length=100)
+
+
+class Team(orm.Model):
+    __tablename__ = "team"
+    __metadata__ = metadata
+    __database__ = database
+
+    id = orm.Integer(primary_key=True)
+    org = orm.ForeignKey(Organisation)
+    name = orm.String(length=100)
+
+
+class Member(orm.Model):
+    __tablename__ = "member"
+    __metadata__ = metadata
+    __database__ = database
+
+    id = orm.Integer(primary_key=True)
+    team = orm.ForeignKey(Team)
+    email = orm.String(length=100)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope="module")
+def create_test_database():
+    engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine(DATABASE_URL)
+    metadata.create_all(engine)
+    yield
+    metadata.drop_all(engine)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_model_crud():
+    async with database:
+        album = Album(name="Malibu")
+        await album.save()
+        track1 = Track(album=album, title="The Bird", position=1)
+        track2 = Track(album=album, title="Heart don't stand a chance", position=2)
+        track3 = Track(album=album, title="The Waters", position=3)
+        await track1.save()
+        await track2.save()
+        await track3.save()
+
+        track = await Track.objects.get(title="The Bird")
+        assert track.album.pk == album.pk
+        assert track.album.name is None
+        await track.album.load()
+        assert track.album.name == "Malibu"
+
+        assert len(album.tracks) == 3
+        assert album.tracks[1].title == "Heart don't stand a chance"
+
+        album1 = await Album.objects.get(name='Malibu')
+        assert album1.pk == 1
+        assert album1.tracks is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_select_related():
+    async with database:
+        album = Album(name="Malibu")
+        await album.save()
+        track1 = Track(album=album, title="The Bird", position=1)
+        track2 = Track(album=album, title="Heart don't stand a chance", position=2)
+        track3 = Track(album=album, title="The Waters", position=3)
+        await track1.save()
+        await track2.save()
+        await track3.save()
+
+        fantasies = Album(name="Fantasies")
+        await fantasies.save()
+        track4 = Track(album=fantasies, title="Help I'm Alive", position=1)
+        track5 = Track(album=fantasies, title="Sick Muse", position=2)
+        track6 = Track(album=fantasies, title="Satellite Mind", position=3)
+        await track4.save()
+        await track5.save()
+        await track6.save()
+
+        track = await Track.objects.select_related("album").get(title="The Bird")
+        assert track.album.name == "Malibu"
+
+        tracks = await Track.objects.select_related("album").all()
+        assert len(tracks) == 6
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_fk_filter():
+    async with database:
+        malibu = Album(name="Malibu%")
+        await malibu.save()
+        await Track.objects.create(album=malibu, title="The Bird", position=1)
+        await Track.objects.create(album=malibu, title="Heart don't stand a chance", position=2)
+        await Track.objects.create(album=malibu, title="The Waters", position=3)
+
+        fantasies = await Album.objects.create(name="Fantasies")
+        await Track.objects.create(album=fantasies, title="Help I'm Alive", position=1)
+        await Track.objects.create(album=fantasies, title="Sick Muse", position=2)
+        await Track.objects.create(album=fantasies, title="Satellite Mind", position=3)
+
+        tracks = await Track.objects.select_related("album").filter(album__name="Fantasies").all()
+        assert len(tracks) == 3
+        for track in tracks:
+            assert track.album.name == "Fantasies"
+
+        tracks = await Track.objects.select_related("album").filter(album__name__icontains="fan").all()
+        assert len(tracks) == 3
+        for track in tracks:
+            assert track.album.name == "Fantasies"
+
+        tracks = await Track.objects.filter(album__name__contains="fan").all()
+        assert len(tracks) == 3
+        for track in tracks:
+            assert track.album.name == "Fantasies"
+
+        tracks = await Track.objects.filter(album__name__contains="Malibu%").all()
+        assert len(tracks) == 3
+
+        tracks = await Track.objects.filter(album=malibu).select_related("album").all()
+        assert len(tracks) == 3
+        for track in tracks:
+            assert track.album.name == "Malibu%"
+
+        tracks = await Track.objects.select_related("album").all(album=malibu)
+        assert len(tracks) == 3
+        for track in tracks:
+            assert track.album.name == "Malibu%"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_multiple_fk():
+    async with database:
+        acme = await Organisation.objects.create(ident="ACME Ltd")
+        red_team = await Team.objects.create(org=acme, name="Red Team")
+        blue_team = await Team.objects.create(org=acme, name="Blue Team")
+        await Member.objects.create(team=red_team, email="a@example.org")
+        await Member.objects.create(team=red_team, email="b@example.org")
+        await Member.objects.create(team=blue_team, email="c@example.org")
+        await Member.objects.create(team=blue_team, email="d@example.org")
+
+        other = await Organisation.objects.create(ident="Other ltd")
+        team = await Team.objects.create(org=other, name="Green Team")
+        await Member.objects.create(team=team, email="e@example.org")
+
+        members = await Member.objects.select_related('team__org').filter(team__org__ident="ACME Ltd").all()
+        assert len(members) == 4
+        for member in members:
+            assert member.team.org.ident == "ACME Ltd"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_pk_filter():
+    async with database:
+        fantasies = await Album.objects.create(name="Test")
+        await Track.objects.create(album=fantasies, title="Test1", position=1)
+        await Track.objects.create(album=fantasies, title="Test2", position=2)
+        await Track.objects.create(album=fantasies, title="Test3", position=3)
+        tracks = await Track.objects.select_related("album").filter(pk=1).all()
+        assert len(tracks) == 1
+
+        tracks = await Track.objects.select_related("album").filter(position=2, album__name='Test').all()
+        assert len(tracks) == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_limit_and_offset():
+    async with database:
+        fantasies = await Album.objects.create(name="Limitless")
+        await Track.objects.create(id=None, album=fantasies, title="Sample", position=1)
+        await Track.objects.create(album=fantasies, title="Sample2", position=2)
+        await Track.objects.create(album=fantasies, title="Sample3", position=3)
+
+        tracks = await Track.objects.limit(1).all()
+        assert len(tracks) == 1
+        assert tracks[0].title == "Sample"
+
+        tracks = await Track.objects.limit(1).offset(1).all()
+        assert len(tracks) == 1
+        assert tracks[0].title == "Sample2"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_get_exceptions():
+    async with database:
+        fantasies = await Album.objects.create(name="Test")
+
+        with pytest.raises(NoMatch):
+            await Album.objects.get(name="Test2")
+
+        await Track.objects.create(album=fantasies, title="Test1", position=1)
+        await Track.objects.create(album=fantasies, title="Test2", position=2)
+        await Track.objects.create(album=fantasies, title="Test3", position=3)
+        with pytest.raises(MultipleMatches):
+            await Track.objects.select_related("album").get(album=fantasies)